Errors in the Employer’s Requirements (“ER”) are a recurring source of disputes in international construction projects governed by International Federation of Consulting Engineers (“FIDIC”) contracts. These requirements define the project’s technical and functional criteria, and errors can have significant legal and financial consequences for both employers and contractors. This note examines how such errors are […]
Managing Construction Disputes: Understanding the Causes
Construction projects are inherently complex endeavours that involve multiple participants, demand coordination, and carry inherent risks.[1] They bring together a wide range of stakeholders, technical experts, and layers of documentation that can run to hundreds or even thousands of pages. Every project operates under tight deadlines and budget pressures, where even minor delays or disruptions […]
AI Construction Arbitrator: Revolutionising the Future of International Arbitration?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming industries worldwide – and now, it is reshaping the field of international arbitration. The American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) and its international division, the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (“ICDR”), are pioneering this revolution with the launch of an AI-powered arbitrator dedicated to construction disputes. Beginning in November 2025, this […]
Analysing the Site Visit Model Protocol for International Arbitration
It has been one year since the Arbitration Committee of the International Bar Association (the “IBA”)[1] issued the Site Visit Model Protocol for International Arbitration (the “Site Visit Protocol”).[2] The Site Visit Protocol includes 13 articles and accompanying drafting notes for each of them, designed to facilitate the conduct of site visits in international arbitrations. […]
Termination of Construction Contracts
The termination of a construction contract is one of the most powerful remedies an employer has against a contractor, especially when the contractor is in default.[1] There are numerous different situations in which the employer or, less frequently, the contractor, might have to resort to contract termination. Most commonly, a party resorts to termination due […]