On 23 July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its long-awaited Advisory Opinion Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change.[1] The opinion is widely described as a “landmark”[2] because it does two things at once: (i) it clarifies what international law already requires of States on climate change, across multiple legal regimes, […]
UK Litigation Funding After PACCAR: The Court of Appeal’s Sony v. Neill Reset and the Legislative Waiting Game
On 4 July 2025, the UK Court of Appeal delivered what the litigation funding sector had been waiting for: a practical ruling on the enforceability of litigation funding agreements (“LFAs”).[1] In Sony Interactive Entertainment Europe Ltd & another v. Alex Neill Class Representative Ltd (and related appeals involving Visa, Mastercard and Apple) (“Sony v. Neill”), […]
International Commercial Arbitration in Chile
International commercial arbitration in Chile is governed by a modern statutory framework based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985), as enacted through Law No. 19,971 on International Commercial Arbitration.[1] Chilean courts have consistently demonstrated a supportive and non-interventionist approach to arbitration, respecting party autonomy and the finality of arbitral awards. As […]
Production-Sharing Agreement (PSA) Arbitrations
In the extractive industries, production-sharing agreement (PSA) arbitration plays a central role in resolving disputes arising from long-term cooperation between foreign investors and host states in the oil and gas sector. Production-sharing agreements form the backbone of these relationships, and international arbitration is most commonly used to address disputes under such contracts. First developed in […]
International Arbitration in Portugal
International arbitration in Portugal is governed by the Voluntary Arbitration Act (Law No. 63/2011 of 14 December 2011), which entered into force on 14 March 2012 (the “Arbitration Act”). The Arbitration Act is largely based on the 2006 version of the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (“UNCITRAL Model Law”), but it also includes […]