Under public international law, the right to claim moral damages is enshrined in Article 31(2) of the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts pursuant to which the obligation of a State to make full reparation for the injury by the internationally wrongful act includes “any damage, whether material or moral”. The commentary […]
Denial of Justice in International Arbitration
Denial of justice in international arbitration concerns acts or omissions of a State’s judiciary for which a State may be internationally liable. Although the judiciary is a functionally independent body from a State’s executive and government, it is still a State’s organ. As a result, States may be held internationally liable for the acts and […]
Who Can Be an Arbitrator in International Arbitration?
In the not-too-distant past, there were only a few individuals acting regularly as arbitrators in international arbitration. Similarly, law firms engaged in international arbitration could be counted on the fingers of one hand. Unsurprisingly, there were a very small number of individuals, generally well-connected, who were called upon to act as arbitrators. This trend, however, […]
Resolving Energy Disputes Through Arbitration
Energy projects are usually long, complex and require a substantial level of capital. Additionally, the sector has significant exposure to geological events, political changes and environmental regulations. For these reasons, disputes are common in the energy sector, and arbitration has become the preferred method of resolving these disputes, particularly at the international level.[1] As noted […]
Mining Arbitrations
Mining-related arbitrations have significantly increased over recent decades. Metals and minerals play an important role in foreign direct investments and the need for complex contracts have attracted considerable attention of arbitration practitioners and users. The mining sector is complex. It frequently involves multiple parties and different jurisdictions. Additionally, social development in emerging economies and environmental […]