Escalation clauses (or multi-tier dispute resolution clauses) are commonly found in commercial contracts. These clauses may spell out different preconditions and procedures when seeking to resolve disputes.[1] Typically, the parties are required to attempt, within a specific time period, an amicable settlement or to enter into negotiations in order to avoid arbitration or litigation. Sometimes […]
Moral Damages in Investment Arbitration
Under public international law, the right to claim moral damages is enshrined in Article 31(2) of the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts pursuant to which the obligation of a State to make full reparation for the injury by the internationally wrongful act includes “any damage, whether material or moral”. The commentary […]
Res Judicata in International Arbitration
Res judicata implies that a previous and final judgment is conclusive in subsequent proceedings involving the same (i) parties, (ii) subject matter and (iii) legal grounds, which is also referred to as the “triple-identity criteria”.[1] The principle of res judicata is a general principle of law known both to international law and local law.[2] Like […]
UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules
On 9 July 2021, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, commonly known as UNCITRAL, adopted the UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules, which came into force on 19 September 2021 (the “(UNCITRAL) Expedited Rules”). UNCITRAL has also published a Draft Explanatory Note to the Expedited Rules (the “Explanatory Note”), containing useful comments on the application […]
International Arbitration in Kazakhstan
International Arbitration in Kazakhstan is governed by the Law on Arbitration (Law No. 488-V) dated 8 April 2016 (the “Law on Arbitration”). The Law on Arbitration was amended twice since its entrance into force on 19 April 2016, the first time in March 2017 (Article 9.5) and the second time in January 2019, when significant […]